The Basics of Conducting Interviews for News Stories

Conducting interviews for news stories is an important skill for any journalist. A â€Å"source† — anyone a journalist interviews — can provide elements that are vital to any news story: Basic factual informationPerspective and context on the topic being discussedDirect quotesIdeas on how to approach the storyNames of other people to interview Things You’ll Need A thin reporter’s spiral notebook (can be purchased at most office supply stores)Several pens and a pencil if it’s winter (pens freeze in cold weather)A tape recorder or digital voice recorder (optional)A video camera for interviews you plan to webcast Preparing for the Interview Research: Do as much research as possible. If you’re going to interview, say, a cardiologist about heart attacks, read up and make sure you understand terms such as â€Å"cardiac arrest.† A well-prepared reporter inspires confidence in the source.Developing Questions: Once you’ve thoroughly researched your topic, prepare a list of questions to ask. That will help you remember all the points you want to cover. Keys to a Successful Interview Establish a Rapport: When starting out, don’t abruptly launch into your questions. Chitchat a little first. Compliment your source on her office, or comment on the weather. This puts your source at ease.Keep It Natural: An interview can be uncomfortable, so keep things natural. Instead of mechanically reading out your list of questions, weave your queries naturally into the flow of the conversation. Also, maintain eye contact as much as possible. Nothing is more unnerving to a source than a reporter who never looks up from his notebook.Be Open: Don’t be so focused on getting through your list of questions that you miss something interesting. For instance, if you’re interviewing the cardiologist and she mentions a new heart-health study that’s coming out, ask about it. This may take your interview in an unexpected — but newsworthy - direction.Maintain Control: Be open, but don’t waste your time. If your source starts to ramble on about things that are of no use to you, politely — but firmly — steer the conversation back to the topic at hand.Wrapping Up: At the end of the interview, ask your source if there’s anything important that you hadn’t asked about. Double-check the meanings of any terms they used that you’re unsure about. And always ask if there are other people they recommend that you speak with. Notes About Note-Taking Beginning reporters often freak out when they realize they can’t possibly write down everything the source is saying, word-for-word. Don’t sweat it. Experienced reporters learn to take down just the stuff they know they’ll use, and ignore the rest. This takes practice, but the more interviews you do, the easier it gets. Recording an interview is fine in certain circumstances, but always get permission from your source to do so. The rules regarding taping a source can be tricky. According to Poynter.org, recording phone conversations is legal in all 50 states. Federal law allows you to record a phone conversation with the consent of only one person involved in the conversation — meaning that only the reporter is required to know that the conversation is being taped. However, at least 12 states require varying degrees of consent from those being recorded in phone interviews, so its best to check the laws in your own state. Also, your newspaper or website may have its own rules about taping.   Transcribing interviews involves listening to the taped interview and typing out virtually everything thats said. This is fine if youre doing an article with an extended deadline, such as a feature story. But its too time-consuming for breaking news. So if you’re on a tight deadline, stick to note-taking. Always take written notes, even if you’re using a recorder. Every reporter has a story about the time they thought they were recording an interview, only to get back to the newsroom to discover that the machine’s batteries were dead.

10 Days That Shaped America (History Channel) Summary

Yannic Tschaitschian January 11, 2008 Mrs. Shelton 4th Block Honors History Ten Days That Shaped America 1) May 26, 1637-The Mystic Massacre of the Pequot War On May 26, 1637, English settlers under Captain John Mason, and Narragansett and Mohegan allies set fire to a Pequot fort near the Mystic River. The fort only had two entrances, and anybody that tried to flee the fort was shot by awaiting enemies. The only Pequots that survived were those who had followed their sachem Sassacus in a raiding party outside the village. This attack on the fort almost entirely wiped out the Pequot population and resulted in them eventually losing the war. As a result of this the 1638 treaty of Hartford was signed, stating that all remaining†¦show more content†¦There were the people that agreed with the Butler Act, and those who thought it was completely absurd. As a result of this, public school teachers are now not even allowed to discuss religion in the school, except for educational purposes. They are not to allowed to say one religion is bad, nor are they allowed to say that their religio n is better than others. This law still stands today. 8) July 16, 1939-Albert Eintstein sends his letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt urging him to explore nuclear weaponry On July 16, 1939, at the insistence of Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner, physicist Albert Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, warning the President of Nazi Germanys scientific research of the atomic bomb. His letter would acknowledge Roosevelt of the importance and the danger of this type of weapon in the hands of Adolf Hitler. Roosevelt immediately created the Advisory Committee on Uranium. After some time had passed, Einstein was forced to send another letter to Roosevelt because the government was not fully funding the committee because Leà ³ Szilà ¡rd and Eugene Wigner were both born outside of the U.S. and were considered possible security risks. Roosevelt immediately ordered the government to give them the needed funds, and this brought about the Manhattan Project. After realizing the bomb would likely be used, Einstein regretted sending the l etters to Roosevelt. Although a pacifist,Show MoreRelatedTiffany Co Marketing Plan5298 Words   |  22 PagesMARKETING PLAN I. Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 A. History of Tiffany Co†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....3 II. Current marketing situation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 A. Market overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 i. Market demographics and needs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 ii. Market trends and target market growth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 B. SWOT analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 i. Strengths †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreA Monopolistic Analysis Of Mixed Martial Arts2774 Words   |  12 Pages A Monopolistic Analysis Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 UFC History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Business Evolution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Antitrust Lawsuit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Porter’s 5 Forces†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Threat of Entry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦. 10 Threat of Substitution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 11 Bargaining Power Supplier..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 Bargaining Power Consumers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 Competitive Rivalry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreConsumer Behaviour Towards Lays Products5112 Words   |  21 Pagesbusiness environment. Frito-Lay’s comprehensive strategy for integrating these businesses into the supplier development process supports our supply chain efficiency and effectiveness, as well as the company’s bottom line. Its a vital part of our day-to-day business OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To know consumers attitude or opinion towards lays products. To study importance of point of purchase or total sales in marketing. To know from which media the customers made their decision to buy these productsRead MoreVerizon Wireless5170 Words   |  21 PagesVerizon Communications Inc. Financial Management Analysis Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 Mission Statement 5 Vision Statement 5 History 5 Business Summary 9 Financial 10 Employees 10 Products Offered 11 Wireless 11 Enterprise/Mid-Market Business 12 Key Enterprise Products and Services 12 Residential/ Small Business 13 Key Residential and Small Business Products and Services 13 CommunityRead MoreProject Report on Britannia5828 Words   |  24 PagesGUIDE: SUBMITTED BY: CONTENTS †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Acknowledgement Preface Executive Summary Objective of the project Research Methodology. Literature Review Company Profile Trade Profile Marketing Plan Management Hierarchy Comparison with other business Govt. policies related to business About the topic (Market Potential) Findings And Analysis Limitation Summary/conclusion Suggestions/Recommendations Bibliography Annexure †¢ †¢ Word of Thanks Questionnaire ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Read MoreVideo Notes29279 Words   |  118 Pages|24 | |Nantucket Nectars: ERP |2, 15 |27 | |Pearson Education: Information Technology |3, 4, 10 |31 | |Process Analysis at Starwood |4 |33 | |Starwood: Process Performance and Quality Read MoreGlobal Business8977 Words   |  36 PagesTable of Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Business Opportunity 2 Country Analysis 3 SWOT Analysis 10 Product Concept 10 Competition 12 Financial Sources 14 Information Sources 16 Business and Political Risks 16 Entry Strategy 17 Marketing Strategy 18 Financial Results 20 Business Success 21 Exit Strategy 22 Conclusion 23 Executive Summary Global Connections mission is to be known for connecting the world to the Internet. BrazilRead MoreUniqlo Marketing Plan4279 Words   |  18 PagesMarketing Plan Outline Company Background Executive Summary Situation Analysis-â€Å"Where are we now?† 1. Macro Situation-PEST Analysis 1. Political Factors: 2. Economical Factors: 3. Social Factors: 4. Technological Factors: 2. Micro Situation-SWOT Analysis 1. Internal Assessment (Strengths) 2. Internal Assessment (Weaknesses) 3. External Assessment (Opportunities) 4. External Assessment (Threats) Goal Setting-â€Å"Where do we want to go?† 1. Market SegmentationRead MoreUniqlo Marketing Plan4295 Words   |  18 PagesMarketing Plan Outline Company Background Executive Summary Situation Analysis-â€Å"Where are we now?† 1. Macro Situation-PEST Analysis 1. Political Factors: 2. Economical Factors: 3. Social Factors: 4. Technological Factors: 2. Micro Situation-SWOT Analysis 1. Internal Assessment (Strengths) 2. Internal Assessment (Weaknesses) 3. External Assessment (Opportunities) 4. External Assessment (Threats) Goal Setting-â€Å"Where do we want to go?† 1. Market Segmentation TargetRead MoreCase Study: Social Media As A Marketing Tool9803 Words   |  39 Pagesï » ¿Social Media: A tool Business Engagement TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Chapter 1: Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 1.1 A Brief History †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 7 2.1 Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 2.2 - Social media †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 2.3 Facebook†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 2.4 - Twitter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 2.5 - YouTube †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 2.6 - LinkedIn †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25 2.7- Flickr†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18

Philosophies of World Religions

Question: Discuss about thePhilosophies of World Religions. Answer: Buddhism Graphical Design: Image: Wheel of Life (As created by the author) The image (above) reflects on the purity of the religion, Buddhism. The image is deliberately blue colour, inasmuch the colour stands for truth and responsibility. Buddhism is responsible towards the whole universe and helps to pacify it. At the same time, the greyish tinge shows that the religion is very rooted and has a close affinity with the soil. The religion Buddhism bolsters the concept of agriculture in India. In the 1st century B.C., the metal iron came into existence followed by the advent of the heterogeneous sects like Buddhism and Jainism. The circle depicts the philosophy of Buddhism that stresses on the concept of Dharmachakra. Inside the circle, the white pillars are the primary elements of Buddhism. The white pillars permeated the Indian subcontinent. The white pillars represent strength, fidelity and allegiance. The strong pillars that surrounded the Buddhist institutions determine the strength of the religion. The Buddhist institutions that have strong white pillar s are Stupa, Dhamma and monasteries with intricate embellishments. Therefore, the image (above) represents the beauty and the solidarity of the religion. The image (above) stands as the emblem of Buddhism and sends across an important message to the community of World religion. The image represents an important aspect of the Buddhism. The Bhavachakra (the Wheel of Life or Wheel of becoming) is mandala (a circular frame manifesting the cosmos in the Buddhist pantheon). The Buddhists believe in the concept of existence that construes the continuance of a cycle of life, death, rebirth and suffering. The motive of Buddhist is to decimate the cycle of life, death and rebirth. The Buddhists adhere to the concept of dissolution of the cyclical fabric (Epstein, 2013). As per the diagram of the Bhavachakra, the wheel is divided into five or six domains or zones that support the re-birth of soul. The Wheel of Life represents the salient feature of the Buddhist art. The elaborate symbolism of the Wheel of life can be construed on various segments. The Wheel of Life (entitled the Bhavachakra in Sanskrit) is the manifestation of cycle of birth and rebirth in Samsara (Givel, 2015). The image (above) explains the real essence of the religion, Buddhism to the global audience. The core of Buddhism is that the disciples believe in the concept of Karma or deliberate action. The Buddhists, with the help of positive activities such as moral conduct can attain enlightenment or nirvana (Thondup, 2017).Life is not perennial, as the Buddhists believed. The Eightfold segment comprises eight practices: right perception, right resolution, right speech, right conduct, right living, right endeavour, right consciousness and right concentration (holy reunion). In the rudimentary phase, Buddhism practices started with right insight (right view) that results in meditation or Samadhi (Fisher, 2016). This forms the core of soteriological practice. Subsequently, the practice of Buddhism initiated with the resolution or prjana. This culminates in the development of different idea and arrangement of the path. By following the eight-fold path, the Buddhists can gain enlightenment or nirvana. In this way, the Buddhists can evade the cyclical transitions. Good actions culminate in better re-births. This is the main concern of Buddhism and the image (above) perpetuates a significant idea. Reference Epstein, M. (2013).Thoughts without a thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist perspective. Basic Books. Fisher, M. P. (2016).Living religions. Pearson Education. Givel, M. (2015). Mahayana Buddhism and Gross National Happiness in Bhutan.International Journal of Wellbeing,5(2). Thondup, T. (2017).Enlightened journey: Buddhist practice as daily life. Shambhala Publications.

Business Ethics (Grapes Of Wrath) Essay Example For Students

Business Ethics (Grapes Of Wrath) Essay Business Ethics Essay Business ethics are a moral code that people conducting any sort of business should feel honorably obligated to follow. People are definitely morally responsible to follow a code of ethics and should never cheat each other. Parts of this code of ethics should be honesty, integrity, fidelity, charity, responsibility, and self-discipline. Those ethics should apply both to a person buying something, and a person selling something. I dont believe that a person should be forced to follow the caveat emptor policy, on the basis that it is unfair and unjust both to the buyer and seller. If you are an ethical person, you should not have to warn people to beware. A person selling something is morally obligated to inform the purchaser of several things: the value of the car at cost, faithfulness to the client, and be able to answer any questions honestly, without any hold-backs. In The Grapes of Wrath, it is obvious that the car dealer was not ethical at all. For example, they used to coerce women into liking specific cars, so the husband would have to feel forced to buy the car to impress their girlfriends/wives. Another example is how the car dealer used to put lousy parts into the cars and sell them, knowing that the car would break down 5 miles down the road. He took advantage of the peoples necessity to get out of Oklahoma for his own personal gain. Also, the buyer has a certain responsibility too. They need to make sure to not completely trust the seller, because not everyone is ethical. They should examine the goods carefully, ask educated questions, and read up on the topic before going ahead and buying something. For example, in The Grapes of Wrath, the car dealer was able to take more advantage of the people because he can see the raw need on their faces, and how they didnt really ask anything to make him give them a better deal. Therefore, the people didnt do their part of being ethical buyers to get the best and most honest deal. The advertiser also has a big responsibility too, to be honest in the ads. For example, in The Grapes of Wrath, the car dealership advertised a nice car at a very cheap price, but they never sold that car. They lied to the people who wanted to buy that car, saying that it had just been sold. They took advantage of the peoples naivete, and that is very wrong. Those car dealers were definitely unethical, taking advantage of people just because the demand was greater than the supply, they seized upon the opportunity to rip people off of their hard-earned money. .

Christopher Hill The Class Strugle Of The English Revolution Essays

Christopher Hill: The Class Strugle Of The English Revolution As a prolific historian and scholar of 17th century England, Christopher Hill has taken a unique historical perspective on the Civil War and its manifestations. He perceives the revolution as being a bourgeois insurrection . He also believes that this is the reason for the shaping of England since that time. In 1913 R. G Usher wrote: ?The English Revolution of 1640 is as much an enigma today as it was to Charles. It is a riddle, which has to be solved. No one has tried to solve it because all assumed it was solved be repeating the Grand Remonstrance. Every Englishman born since 1800 has...been born into a view of English history. Christopher Hill did his part to dissect the Revolution and make sense of it. The following will describe some of his findings on the subject. This paper will demonstrate Hill's unprecedented knowledge and understanding of the events in the 17th century. It will look extensively at some of his works, namely: Some Intellectual Consequences of the English Revolution, Change and Continuity in 17th Century England, The Good Old Cause 1640-1660, and his first book The English Revolution 1640 . Hill's interpretation that three main people influenced the revolution will also be demonstrated in this paper. He was born in York in 1912 as John Edward Christopher Hill. While attending college in the 1930's, Hill embraced Marxism, an ideology that focuses on struggles between the different social classes. This is where how he based his interpretation of the revolution. Later, he attributed the revolution to this by citing the middle class upheaval as being the primary source. He has also produced exceptional books that probe subjects such as the Anglican Church and Puritanism. Hill was also a member of the Historians Group of the Communist Party (HGCP). Some of the other members included an extraordinary group, namely Rodney Hilton, Eric Honsbawm, and E.P. Thompson. Hill and other members of the HGCP founded Past and Present, an innovative scholarly journal. To this day, Hill is still closely associated with this publication. Hill's first book, The English Revolution 1640, aims to look at the English Revolution as a great social movement similar to the one that came in France in 1789. Hill suggests that the power was handed over to a different class after the Revolution. ?The civil war was a class war, in which the despotism of Charles I was defended by the reactionary forces of the established Church and the conservative landlords. Parliament beat the King because it could appeal to the enthusiastic support of the trading and industrial classes in town and countryside, to the yeomen and progressive gentry, and to wider masses of the population whenever they were able by free discussion to understand what the struggle was really about.? The war in England was between the King and Parliament. Parliament wanted to end the tyrannical monarchy and its unfair treatment of the individual. These included imprisonment without a trial and jury, taxation without consent or representation, seizure of land, punishment for speaking out against the government, and also the attempted banishment of the Parliamentary body as a whole. Hill believes that the bourgeoisie party was influenced by this treatment and rose up against the monarchy; the typical action according to Marx. There was a political party that sprang up in London called the Levellers. This party represented the views of the small producers, or Bourgeoisie. From an account of Leveller Rainborowe in 1647, he said ?if the writings be true, there have been many scufflings between the honest men of England and those that have tyrannised over them; and if it be read, there is none of those just and equitable laws that the people of England are born to but are intrenchment altogether. But...if the people find that they are not suitable to freemen as they are, I know no reason should deter me...from endeavouring by all means to gain anything that might be of more advantage to them than government under which we live.? This proves Hill's point of view in that the man who said this obviously was of a lower class and demanded that he be given the

Whos for the Game and Recruiting Essay Example

Whos for the Game and Recruiting Essay Example Whos for the Game and Recruiting Paper Whos for the Game and Recruiting Paper women at home would hand out white feathers to the men at home, like Pope women wouldnt have much respect for healthy men not joining up for the war. Mackintosh, like Pope uses language which would be understood by everyone, he uses phrases the men would be used to Lads, youre wanted, go and help' and then compares it to the realistic image of the trenches with Lads, youre wanted! Over there. He follows the tradition of simple propaganda. He reveals how tragic an existence in the trenches is with More poor devils like yourselves waiting to be killed by you. His simple and regular poem conveys to the reader that war is not a game but a very horrific event. Mackintosh singles out journalists in his poem Help to make the columns stuff for the blasted journalists since they are making profits out of the misery of war. Pope however does not appear to think that the journalists are doing any harm since her poem has been written for a newspaper. Mackintosh has respect for all the men in the war come and learn to live and die with honest men but he does not insult the men not joining the war effort like Pope does making them sound lazy taking a seat in the stand. Pope makes the war sound like a huge source of entertainment, referring to it as fun, with the added bonus of fighting for your country. Mackintosh keeps to his anti war status throughout the poem and regards signing up for the war as helping to swell the names in the causality list. Mackintosh ends his poem on a rather sinister but truthful note come and die. Joining the war was not as Pope described and the sad truth was Mackintoshs description was probably accurate. Jessie Pope ends her poem on a positive note making the reader feel their country actually needs them and are calling for you. Both these poems are effective in studying the literature of the First World War as they both present such different pictures. Mackintoshs poem is an excellent example of poetry portraying the realism of war whereas Popes poem is an admirable model of the unfortunate attitude cultivated on the home front. The contrast between the two allows the reader to see the reality of the First World War from two different perspectives.

Wealth and Poverty in US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wealth and Poverty in US - Essay Example Whether through being discovered for unknown talents, creating the next big invention, or because of a lottery win that will fill the coffers, every American might become one of the lucky many who become over night sensations and bath in champagne every night, except for one small problem – there is no truth in the myth. The land of opportunity has become a land of obstacles, mostly thrown in front of the middle class by those who see that their own profits will suffer if they support legislation that will empower the middle class once again and begin the process of lifting the lower classes out of their struggle and poverty. There was a point in Western life where working a descent job was possible from merely a secondary education and from that job it was possible to have cars, a house, and a one income family. Somewhere in the disparities that have come between pay and the cost of living this is not possible anymore. The world turned from one in which the struggle of the wo rker was turned around by unions to one which was turned back on itself so that the disparity between the very wealthy and the worker once again left hard working people drowning in debt and despair. It is not clear exactly when this shift began. It is clear that somewhere along the way workers were taught they would not likely be workers for very long and that in supporting the wealthier 1% they were in effect protecting themselves for the time when they would become a member of that elite group. The worker of the 21st century is just on his or her stopping point before great wealth comes or a shot at celebrity will propel them to a point where tax incentives of the rich will be theirs to enjoy. The worker is no longer respected for their ethic but driven down by insinuations that they are just not trying as hard as the rest of their peers. The story from recent history that best describes the problem of believing in the dream of becoming rich is described by the emergence of the R epublican supported character of Joe the Plumber from the 2008 Presidential Campaign. Wurzelbacher and Tabback wrote a book on Joe the Plumber about how he represented the average working class individual as he asked a question of President Obama before he won the race for President during his journey to Ohio. Joe the Plumber is described as â€Å"an American folk hero and the ultimate icon for the American class† (Wurzelbacher and Tabback 1). Joe created a scenario that padded his question with ideas about how the tax program that then Candidate Obama had in mind would affect him if he bought the company that he intended to buy. President Obama answered the question by showing him how the tax rates were intended to preserve the income of the workers, just like Joe, while providing for tax cuts for small businesses that made fewer than $250,000.00 per year. Joe felt this was not a good deal for him, despite how his realistic position was fully supported by the tax program. Ho wever, the question that he asked was predicated on the idea that he was going to purchase a company that would bring in between $250,000.00 and $280,000.00 per year. The fact was that ‘Joe’ was in no financial position to buy the company and as of the date of his question was not going to find the funds any time soon. While he was catapulted to fame and began to become a part of the political machine, in essence finding that pie in the sky dream, he was still one in a million. He was being used in order to create the idea that what is good for the wealthy is good for the working class and the poor

Occupational health and safety Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Occupational health and safety - Case Study Example This research will begin with the statement that Occupational Healthy Safety (OHS) has the responsibility of ensuring that people engaged in employment are safe and healthy while at work.   It is an organ that fights for the welfare of employees and advocates for a healthy and safe working environment. As a working environment, it is an interaction of different people like customers, staff, and family members. Therefore, for the effectiveness of health and safety of those involved, OHS system should be active in an organization so as to avoid injuries and deaths that result from a dangerous working environment. Human life should be treated sacredly by taking preventive measures that will create confidence with the workers to offer their service without fear. Companies, which do not take such measures, expose their workers to dangerous consequences inform of injuries.   These injuries make workers stay home while nursing their wounds and pain. When people are not able to attend to their normal duties at work, they affect service delivery, which was seen through the limited returns that the company realizes. Titanic Cove Resort (TCR) is a business firm found in Byron Bay, which provides conference facilities, accommodation services, and food and beverage choices among many to their customers. This indicates that being a service industry; it has 420 members of staff, who attend to approximately 800 guests that visit the business. This paper shall discuss the efficiency of OHS system in TCR in detail, and suggest recommendations that will improve the safety and health of TCR employees and customers. Breaches in WHS Legislation According to New South Wales legislation The world Health Organization and the New South Wales legislation in Australia have a common ground in regard to occupational health and safety (Levy & Wegman 2005). According to these two organs, it is the duty of occupational health to maintain a high level of psychological and bodily safety to workers so as to avoid risks that come with working conditions. The working environment should be improved to create a reliable condition that will protect workers from work related risks. Companies should create a positive climate which would enable workers to improve their productivity in the business. TCR has shown a breach of New South Wales legislation since it has not promoted health safety. The case study indicated that a bar attendant was assaulted by an intoxicated person. This attendant was hospitalized and was to be laid off for tree weeks. This was not according to the labor legislation, which advocates for a suitable working environment. As an employer, TCR should provide securi ty for her employees while at work, but this incident where one of her works suffered these injuries, indicates a breach of legislation. Secondly, the working environment does not promote a healthy and safety climate. This was shown when a fight broke in the firm, and the security offered to go and settle the dispute, but instead he was knocked and became unconscious. This shows that TCR does not uphold occupational health and safety hence a breach of legislation in the company. Cost and Benefits of Occupational Health The above illustration indicates that the current level of occupational health and safety is not legal compliance. When workers are exposed to risks that harm their lives, they lead the company to an extra cost of providing for their medical treatment (Alston 1994). Such expenses can be avoided if the occupational health and safety system is upheld. Lack of proper occupational health may lead to deaths that make families lose their loved ones, who in this case are the bread winners. The loss of a family bread winner indicates that other family members will face challenges in meeting their basic needs. This propagates the rate of poverty in the society. Families that lose their loved ones undergo pain and grief and take time to accept the departure of their friend or relative. Therefore, to avoid such

Impact of New Technologies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Impact of New Technologies - Assignment Example This fact is applicable to art as well and not only in the disciplines. Just like conventional methods of creating art, digital artists require time fulfil their goals and accomplish masterpieces. For instance, Andrew Liszewski reveals how 3-D scanning can upgrade Renaissance cultures. Liszewski describes the entire creation as a â€Å"painstakingly long computer-controlled milling procedure† (Liszewski 2014). The same description is relatively applicable to traditional artworks such as Leonardo da Vinci’s â€Å"Monalisa† and Michelangelo’s painting â€Å"The Creation of Adam,† which took several years to complete. Tangibility has often been a pivotal aspect of art but is no longer a main concern. Digital techniques are a disruptive innovation in the field of art ITN (Source 2007). However, this technology does not disrupt their fineness in comparison with traditional methods of creating art. One can easily compare 3-D scanning and conventional methods of creating art to achieve a critical analysis both formal arts. However, competing both forms of art makes it difficult to justify the digital methods of creating art. Barry X Ball’s final product is helpful because original sculpture lost a number of elements over the years (Museum of Arts and Design 2013). This effort makes the ready scanning artist’s creation and almost necessary endeavor for admirers of the original sculpture. Whether the above artists’ works are used in graphic projects or for commercial reasons is important. When 3-D scanning or digital methods are used to create art, the products are considered applied arts. As a result, proponents of traditional methods of creating art would argue that such applied arts are not at par with traditional works of art. For example, Barry X Ball employs a different style of art with different methods in contrast to the creator of the original sculpture. Ball uses art concepts used

Mills The Power Elite Analysis

Mills The Power Elite Analysis   Rudenko Viacheslav   The ruling elite consists of people occupying such positions that give them the opportunity to rise above the environment of ordinary people and make decisions that have the greatest consequences. Whether they make these decisions or not- it is less important than the fact of owning such key positions; their avoidance of known actions and decisions is in itself an action that often entails more important consequences than the decisions they make. This is due to the fact that they command the most important institutions and organisations of modern society. For us, it is important that the activities of the elite not only can provide a stabilising function for the whole society or its subsystems, but can also destabilise its condition. In the work The Power Elite, Mills carried out an institutional analysis of Americas contemporary. As he points out, among all spheres of the life of the society, there are three most important: economic, political and military. It is here where we must look for the roots of the real elite of society. Mills concluded that at the head of America more or less permanent group of families. Representatives of this ruling elite have so much in common (beginning with religion and education and ending with membership in the same clubs) that they represent a single group that gradually concentrates in their hands full power. Although these people consist in different parties, they also have similar interests and views. Because of this, it leads to that the election of the president or congressmen, in fact, a fiction that has no significant meaning. Thus, the country is governed by a narrow ruling elite, which occupies the highest level in the power structure. The lower level in this structure is occupied by the majority of citizens who allegedly are the reliance of democracy, but in reality, they are subordinate to the will of the elite. The single rule of the ruling elite, as C. Mills asserted, not only poses a threat to democracy, but can also provoke a third world war. Sharply criticising the dominance of the elite, Charles Mills posited positive hopes for intellectuals, which, in his opinion, should become the core that will strengthen American society, returning it to democratic origins. The book The Power Elite contains a comprehensive analysis of the American ruling elite:   Ã‚   its composition and main characteristics; mechanisms of its formation; its place in society; its historical evolution; etc. The research itself is a visual example of how a practical embodiment of the style of thinking should look like, which called by Mills as sociological imagination,. The ruling elite: consists of people occupying positions that give them the opportunity to rise above the environment of ordinary people and make decisions that have the greatest consequences. C. Mills believed that there are three distinct levels of power. The first the highest level is occupied by the ruling elite, which formally and informally accepts the most important political decisions and removes the popular masses from governing the country; The second level is an intermediate level of power reflecting group interests in local and regional authorities, whose influence on the adoption of fundamental decisions is limited; The third level is the level of the actual lack of rights of the masses, on which the main part of society is located, which does not exert any influence on the decision-making. This naturally leads to the conclusion that in fact American democracy and peoples democracy is nothing more than a deception. The main fact: the possession of command positions in the social system, in which effective means are concentrated, providing power, wealth, prestige, fame. The ruling elite has a national character:Analysing the provincial upper classes of the old and new formations and the upper strata of the central cities (the so-called layer of four hundred families), and Mills showed that their power capabilities are limited, and their decisions do not have a decisive influence on social processes. Higher positions in local hierarchies have lost the importance they had before. This is due to the institutional development of society, its enlargement and the formation of national social networks. Many members of the ruling elite came out from the local tops; But those who occupy the highest positions in the local hierarchies do not belong to it. The key to understanding the power of the elite must be sought in the social structure of modern society, its most important institutions. That is: (1) economic institutions: corporations; (2) political institutions: the state; (3) military institutions: the army. These institutions in American society dominate and subordinate all other institutions (school, family, church, science, etc.), turning them into tools for the realisation of their goals. There have been processes of enlargement and centralisation in these three areas: Economy: instead of a lot of small entrepreneurs 200-300 large corporations; Public administration: instead of a decentralised structure of state and municipal governments, a centralised government; Military: instead of a decentralised structure of means of violence, a centralised military department that has become the largest and the most expensive government agency. The ruling elite is effectively closed from foreign: through the working mechanisms of selection and recruitment, predominance of appointees and the role of subjective evaluation in appointments. Staying in the elite gives you direct access to the valuable benefits of life: wealth, power, prestige. Access to these benefits depends not so much on the personal qualities of a person, but on the positions in power. Disappearance of the public: The questions that determine the fate of people are not put and are not solved by the general public. Key decisions for society are made by the elite, often without any regard for the public. Also, there is a growing gap between the elite and the managed population. A huge role here is played by the media: in place of democratic discussion and decision-making, authoritarian decision-making mechanisms based on the technologies of propaganda processing and the formation of public opinion come. The market of opinions is monopolised: several large monopolists came to the place of numerous independent producers of opinions. Outcome: universal spiritual ignorance, stupor, loss of life guides and criteria, the triumph of immorality, the collapse of the mind, the general atmosphere of insecurity and impotence. A similar function is also performed by the education system. Immorality at the top: a structural problem. The society itself is arranged in such way that to achieve success person must drop moral. Moral orientations are often become disastrous for a career. In the lower classes a similar structural problem is philistine Machiavellianism. In a society where money is the only indisputable measure of prosperity (and human value), it cannot be otherwise. The main Elite-forming sign is not outstanding individual qualities, but possession of command positions, leading positions. The ruling elite, writes Mills, consists of people, occupying such positions that give them the opportunity to rise above the environment of ordinary people and make decisions that have major consequences. This is due to the fact that they command the most important hierarchical institutions and organizations of modern society. They occupy strategic command posts in the social system, in which effective means are concentrated, ensuring the power, wealth and fame that they use. It is the occupation of key positions in the economy, politics, military and other institutions that provides power and thereby constitutes the elite. Such an understanding of the elite distinguishes left-liberal concepts from Machiavellian and other theories that lead to elitism from special qualities of people. Group cohesion and the diversity of the composition of the ruling elite, which is not limited to the elite of the political, directly taking state decisions, but includes the leaders of corporations, politicians, senior civil servants and higher officers. They are supported by intellectuals, well-established within the existing system. The unifying factor of the ruling elite is not only the common interest of the constituent groups in preserving their privileged position and the social order that provides it, but also the proximity of the social status, educational and cultural level, the range of interests and spiritual values, lifestyle, and personal and family ties. There is also profound difference between the elite and the masses. Natives of the people can enter the elite only by occupying high positions in the social hierarchy. However, they have few real chances for this. The possibilities for the influence of the masses on the elite through elections and other democratic institutions are very limited. With the help of money, knowledge, the sophisticated mechanism of manipulating consciousness, the ruling elite controls the masses virtually uncontrollably. The recruiting of the elite is carried out mainly from its own environment based on acceptance of its social and political values. The most important criteria for selection are the possession of resources of influence, as well as business qualities and a conformist social position. The first and main function of the ruling elite in society is to ensure its own domination. Exactly this function by which decision of administrative tasks is subordinated. Mills denies the inevitability of the elitism of society, criticizes it from consistently democratic positions. Mills comments on the popular ideas about the managerial revolution, according to which, the power in the enterprises passed to the managers from the bottom, rational managers who care about both the profits for the owners and the dignity of the workers. Mills argues that in fact, managers are divided into two classes: those who are engaged in executive organisational work, and those who make key decisions. So, the second, higher class of managers is not separate from the owners of the group. As a rule, they have part in the shares of the enterprise. In fact, their interests do not differ from the interests of owners, as in their position they make money. At the very top of the social structure of the United States is the ruling elite, and below it is a politically formless inert society. If you look at it objectively, there is not so widely praised by the liberals the public, which discusses various issues, and then implements decisions directly or through representatives. The place of a reasonable and free personality envisaged by such a model is now occupied by the crowd man, and a mass society takes the place of a politically active organisation organised into grassroots associations of civil society. As We see large corporations instead small shopkeepers today, and instead of communicating between the buyer and the seller, we see mass advertising, as well in politics: instead of exchanging views, we see mass ideological processing. From what has been said it is clear that an inert society is the result of the influence of the mass media. The basis of resistance to them may be the comprehension of their experience, but the problem is that even our experience we perceive through the prism created by the mass media. Also, these media divert us from knowing the world through communication with loved ones. Probably, this function is performed by the TV bursting into the kitchen? Media does not only form our view of the world, but also our view of ourselves, imposing desires, dreams, and a vision of our position in society. The way out of this situation is to create and maintain alternative media that are not monopolised by the powers that be. This will allow us to see a real clash of opinions and analyse them. The education system has an effect similar to the mass media. In modern educational institutions, instead of political goals (the ability to link personal experience with social processes and to be active in public life), dominate market goals (the desire to become a steep specialist and move along the career ladder) which go together with ideologic propaganda of ruling class. The structure of an inert society is this: we are alienated from each other and closed in our own world, to which we look through the prism created by the mass media and the education system. We cannot relate our position to a real social structure. As a result, we become non-initiative and politically inert. Above the mass of such disunited people rises the organised elite, making the most important decisions, concerning all. Such pessimistic picture drawn by Mills. Pessimistic, because it does not contain a hint of a strategy of liberation. Perhaps Mills simply did not set the goal of this book to reflect on liberation strategies, or maybe he did not really see the opportunity to change society for the better, who knows? The concept of elite within the framework of the proposed cultural-institutional approach which historically defined (along with aristocracy and nomenclature) as a form of existence of power groups that define institutional boundaries. In other words, the elites are groups that perform, first of all, stabilising functions on the scale of the whole society, as well as its individual subsystems. And within the framework of this function, the elites consider the limits of the existence of other institutions and individuals. In this sense, they are institutionalising institutions. The existence of the elite is connected with the bourgeois industrial society. This means that they are the product of the social relations of this particular society. In this context, there are three characteristics of the modern society which are important: openness of the society, openness of power and openness of politics. In connection with these changes, the elites are institutionalised. The study of the ruling elite of the US did not go unnoticed. Later, the conclusions of C. Mills were reflected in the ideology of the new left throughout the world. In addition, the modern English sociologist A. Giddens who has convincingly shown that the term ruling elite, invented by C. Mills in relation to the United States, can rightly be attributed to the Soviet Union. Mills carried out an institutional analysis of Americas contemporary. He pointed out that among all spheres of the life of society the leading place is occupied by three economic, political and military. Mills believes that power elites represent only their own interests, which include maintaining an eternal economic war to control American capitalism, and masking manipulative control of social and political order with the help of the mass media. Mills concluded that at the head of America is more or less the permanent group of families. This leads to the fact that the election of the president or congressmen is a fiction, which has no essential meaning. The lower level in this structure is occupied by the majority of citizens who allegedly to the reliance of democracy, but in reality they are subordinate to the will of the elite. Mills saw the main social danger in increasing rationality without reason, that is, in using ruling elite rational means ,developed by scientists, to achi eve irrational goals.

Who Is Most To Blame For Macbeths Downfall? :: essays research papers

Who Is Most To Blame For Macbeth's Downfall? I have chosen to write my essay about the cause of Macbeth's downfall. I believe Macbeth had an immense build up of hatred inside him waiting to be released. I will discuss the possible factors that could have placed the final straw on the camel's back and lead to the releasing of brave soldier Macbeth's bloodthirst, and why he committed the acts he did. The first suspects are the witches. After all it was their voices that implanted the thoughts into Macbeth's head that he would be king. When Macbeth heard this, he figured that no matter what he did he would become the king. After hearing King Duncan's desire to have Malcom carry on the throne, Macbeth quickly lost faith that he could achieve the throne without doing anything, so he took it upon himself to make things happen. After killing Duncan he feared Banquo for his knowledge of the witches prophecies and had him killed as well. Macbeth seemed to be losing himself after Duncan's death due to his obsession with the witches prophecies, so in turn, the witches could be partly responsible for Macbeth's downfall. Lady Macbeth can also be held accountable for Macbeth's decline of sanity and power. Although it didn't take much, her persuasion lead to the killing of Duncan. She wanted Macbeth to take the rank of king as much as he did. Pressure from his spouse added on to all the other pressures from the prophecies, also helped tempt Macbeth to murder. Not only did her doings contribute to Macbeth's turmoil, but it also lead herself to become mad. The character most guilty of Macbeth's physical downfall would have to be Macduff. He was the one that actually removed Macbeth's head from his spine. Also when Macduff left, Macbeth became more ensnarled by his anger and responded by prooving himself a cold hearted savage when he had Macduff's innocent wife and children slaughtered. Out of all the external elements that affected Macbeth's downward spiral, I believe Macbeth himself was the most to blame. It was his weak conscience that was so easily molded. He always had a choice as to what he would do, and more often then not he chose the wrong path. In the end it all caught up to him, and

Short Biography William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon on April 26, 1564, to a farmer named John Shakespeare. No one knows the exact date he was born, but church records show that he was baptized on April 26. Shakespeare had seven brothers and sisters. Everyone assumes he attended the grammar school in Stratford. Shakespeare didn't attend a university but at the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway. Six months after their marriage they had their first daughter, Susanna, and in 1585 they had twins, Hamnet and Judith. He is considered the world's greatest dramatist. He wrote 38 plays and 154 sonnets. William Shakespeare was an actor, a playwright, and a poet. William Shakespeare first started his career in the theatre. During the year 1594 Shakespeare career took a turning point, he joined The Lord Chamberlain's Company (formerly known as ‘Lord Strange's Men'). The Lord Chamberlain's Company was a theatrical company that Shakespeare was with for most of his professional career. He was known to play many roles, it's also assumed that he played small roles in his own plays, including Hamlet (as Hamlet father). His first biographer, Nicholas Rowe, referred to him as â€Å"the ghost of his own Hamlet†. Even Though William Shakespeare reputation is based on his plays, he actually got famous first as a poet. His first publication was Venus and Adonis in 1593. It was dedicated to 18 years old Henry Wriothesley, the third Earl of Southampton. The dedication received patronage, after receiving it Shakespeare dedicated his next dramatic poem, Lucrece, to the young lord as well.Today Shakespeare is known as the greatest playwright. By 1596 Shakespeare was very successful as a playwright. At this time Shakespeare was already a well-established actor with a great reputation. His plays were attracting a lot of interest, he had theaters fullback in the 16th century. It's impossible to know the exact date that Shakespeare started writing Hamlet, but he finished it in 1601. Hamlet is the most widely performed play, its estimated that it's being performed every minute of every day somewhere around the world. Its Shakespeare's longest play at 4,042 lines, its said that the character Hamlet has about 1530 lines, which is the most of any character that Shakespeare made. Hamlet is considered a tragedy/revenge tragedy. It was written in London, England and first published in 1603 in a pirated quarto edition titled The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet and then it was published again in 1604 in a superior quarto edition. In the play, Hamlet feels a responsibility to avenge his father's murder. Claudius, who is Hamlet uncle, is the main suspect for Hamlet's father murder but since Claudius became the king after marrying Hamlet's mother, Claudius is very protected. Making it very difficult for Hamlet to find the truth about his father murder. After becoming depressed and summoned home to attend his father's funeral, he is shocked to hear that his mother Gertrude is already remarried. Hamlet's father then comes to him as a ghost and tells him he wants him to avenge his death. The Ghost triangular relationship between Hamlet, Gertrude and Claudius is very much strong and makes the whole play.As we know the Ghost has come to Hamlet as â€Å"Hamlet's father†. In the starting of the play when Hamlet is introduce to this ghost he is very wary and doesn't trust anything he says. â€Å"GHOST: My hour is almost come. When I to sulfurous and tormenting flames. Must render up myself. HAMLET: Alas, poor ghost! GHOST: Pity me not, but lend thy serious hearing. To what I shall unfold. HAMLET: Speak. I am bound to hear. GHOST: So art thou to revenge when thou shalt hear. HAMLET: What? GHOST: I am thy father's spirit† (Act 1 Scene 5). Some literary critics would say Hamlet relationship with this ghost is just a pigment of his imagination but regardless young Hamlet just lost a person who meant a great amount to him. His mother Gertrude, keeps telling him to move on, â€Å"GERTRUDE: Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted color off, And let thine eye look like a friend on Denmark. Do not forever with thy vailà ¨d lids. Seek for thy noble father in the dust. Thou know'st 'tis common. All that lives must die, Passing through nature to eternity. HAMLET: Ay, madam, it is common. GERTRUDE: If it be, Why seems it so particular with thee? HAMLET: â€Å"Seems,† madam? Nay, it is. I know not â€Å"seems.† ‘Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother, Nor customary suits of solemn black, Nor windy suspiration of forced breath, No, nor the fruitful river in the eye, Nor the dejected ‘havior of the visage, Together with all forms, moods, shapes of grief, That can denote me truly. These indeed â€Å"seem,† For they are actions that a man might play. But I have that within which passeth show, These but the trappings and the suits of woe.† (Act 1 Scene 1). This is a conversation Hamlet and his mother had before he met the ghost, he didn't want his mother to just tell him to stop moping about the death of his father. In fact, as the play goes along he asks his mother why isn't she moping around. In the play, Hamlet mentions, several times on different occasions that his mother committed a sin by marrying his uncle. He has a very deep angry towards his mother for doing it and he mentioned to her that he didn't want her to be his mother. Hamlet angry towards his mother wasn't created by the ghost, the ghost tells Hamlet to respect his mother at some point of the play but it doesn't stop the ghost from igniting Hamlets angry. The ghost, or better known as Hamlet father, also mentions Gertrude sins. â€Å"GHOST: Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast, With witchcraft of his wit, with traitorous gifts—O wicked wit and gifts, that have the power. So to seduce!—won to his shameful lust. The will of my most seeming-virtuous queen. O Hamlet, what a falling off was there! From me, whose love was of that dignity. That it went hand in hand even with the vow I made to her in marriage, and to decline Upon a wretch whose natural gifts were poor To those of mine. But virtue, as it never will be moved, Though lewdness court it in a shape of heaven,So lust, though to a radiant angel linked, Will sate itself in a celestial bed And prey on garbage.† ( Act 1 Scene 5). Hamlet's relationship with the ghost was created by the angry he felt towards Gertrude and Claudius, before the ghost mentioned ‘murder' Hamlet knew something was up not only about his mother marrying her dead husband's brother but also the fact that Claudius took the crown from him.The ghost didn't really have a relationship with Gertrude and Claudius. In fact, the only people who seem to see or conversate with the ghost is Hamlet. The ghost relationship with Gertrude is merely just the betray Hamlet father feels towards her. The ghost doesn't ask Hamlet to avenge his mother, the ghost actually tells hamlet to let God deal with her. â€Å"GHOST: Let not the royal bed of Denmark be A couch for luxury and damnà ¨d incest. But howsoever thou pursuest this act, Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive Against thy mother aught. Leave her to heaven And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge To prick and sting her. † Hamlet's father wasn't really focused on his wife. His angry was more for his brother, the one that seduced his wife, poisoned him and took his crown. Claudius gained Gertrude trust, where she would go to him about a problem rather than anybody else, for example when Hamlet kills Polonius, Gertrude confided in Claudius. She is also always defending him, some would say she loved Claudius more than she loved her own son. In act 3 scene 3, Shakespeare introduced a play within Hamlet, Claudius who was on the sidelines watching the play begun to feel remorse for killing his brother. This gave Hamlet confirmation that the ghost was telling the truth about his murder, and also the opportunity to kill Claudius. â€Å"CLAUDIUS: Thanks, dear my lord. Oh, my offense is rank. It smells to heaven. It hath the primal eldest curse upon ‘t, A brother's murder. Pray, can I not. Though inclination be as sharp as will, My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent, And, like a man to double business bound, I stand in pause where I shall first begin, And both neglect. What if this cursà ¨d hand. Were thicker than itself with brother's blood? Is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens, To wash it white as snow? Whereto serves mercy But to confront the visage of offence? And what's in prayer but this twofold force, To be forestallà ¨d ere we come to fall Or pardoned being down? Then I'll look up. My fault is past. But oh, what form of prayer Can serve my turn, â€Å"Forgive me my foul murder†? (Act 3 Scene 3). This scene made Hamlet's anger towards Claudius grow and his relationship with the ghost strong. Claudius has no clue that Hamlet knows about his sins, and although Claudius can't physically see the ghost, as he's praying he can somehow feel the ghost presences. The ghost somehow creates the main conflicts within the play without really being in the play. In conclusion, Shakespeare, the greatest playwright of all time, has left us with many mysteries in Hamlet. But one thing that we all know is that, if there wasn't a ghost the play would have no meaning. The ghost came back to the kingdom to ask Hamlet to avenge his murder, and because of this, it creates the main points of the play. In some opinion, Hamlet's madness was caused by the ghost. Some think Hamlet's madness was caused by the betrayal he felt towards his mother and uncle. Shakespeare has given us a play that leaves us wondering and looking for answers.

Free Essays on Success Of A Salesman

In the world of business it is everyone’s dream to become rich, powerful, important, and well liked. Although it is their ultimate goal to attain these characteristics most businessmen have their priorities in order; family and kids come before success, work, and all of the previously mentioned. Yet Willy Loman’s priorities in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman are completely the opposite of what they should be. By having his priorities mixed up Willy drives Biff away from him, turns Happy in to an attention seeking fool, and creates misery for his wife. Sadly, Willy Loman thinks success and fame are more important than his relationships with the members of his family. It is obvious in reading Death of a Salesman that Biff was very important to Willy. That doesn’t mean they weren’t destined to have problems. The main problem was that Willy feels if Biff enjoys his life working on ranches instead of trying to become a business player he is wasting his life. Instead of accepting Biff’s decision to enjoy himself rather than work to become successful Willy takes the childish route and insults Biff every chance he gets. â€Å"Willy: No, you’re no good, you’re no good for anything.† (Death of a Salesman, 1260.) Every time Willy pushes Biff to make something of himself the two grow farther apart. As you know this is generally not good for a family relationship. Sometimes Willy is so focused on Biff’s and his own success both Willy and the readers forget that he has another son. Somewhere along the line Willy became so wrapped up in the potential success of Biff he forgot about poor Happy. Since Happy doesn’t get any attention from anyone he constantly says annoying, outrageous statements all the time just to become noticed by his father. â€Å"Happy: I’m gonna get married. Willy: Keep up the good work. (Changes the subject back to Biff) God†¦remember that Ebbets Field game? The championship of the city?† (Death of a S... Free Essays on Success Of A Salesman Free Essays on Success Of A Salesman In the world of business it is everyone’s dream to become rich, powerful, important, and well liked. Although it is their ultimate goal to attain these characteristics most businessmen have their priorities in order; family and kids come before success, work, and all of the previously mentioned. Yet Willy Loman’s priorities in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman are completely the opposite of what they should be. By having his priorities mixed up Willy drives Biff away from him, turns Happy in to an attention seeking fool, and creates misery for his wife. Sadly, Willy Loman thinks success and fame are more important than his relationships with the members of his family. It is obvious in reading Death of a Salesman that Biff was very important to Willy. That doesn’t mean they weren’t destined to have problems. The main problem was that Willy feels if Biff enjoys his life working on ranches instead of trying to become a business player he is wasting his life. Instead of accepting Biff’s decision to enjoy himself rather than work to become successful Willy takes the childish route and insults Biff every chance he gets. â€Å"Willy: No, you’re no good, you’re no good for anything.† (Death of a Salesman, 1260.) Every time Willy pushes Biff to make something of himself the two grow farther apart. As you know this is generally not good for a family relationship. Sometimes Willy is so focused on Biff’s and his own success both Willy and the readers forget that he has another son. Somewhere along the line Willy became so wrapped up in the potential success of Biff he forgot about poor Happy. Since Happy doesn’t get any attention from anyone he constantly says annoying, outrageous statements all the time just to become noticed by his father. â€Å"Happy: I’m gonna get married. Willy: Keep up the good work. (Changes the subject back to Biff) God†¦remember that Ebbets Field game? The championship of the city?† (Death of a S...

Monoclonius - Facts and Figures

Monoclonius - Facts and Figures Name: Monoclonius (Greek for single sprout); pronounced MAH-no-CLONE-ee-us Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 15 feet long and one ton Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Moderate size; large, frilled skull with single horn About Monoclonius If Monoclonius hadnt been named by the famous paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1876, after a fossil specimen discovered in Montana, it might long ago have receded into the mists of dinosaur history. Today, many paleontologists believe that the type fossil of this ceratopsian should properly be assigned to Centrosaurus, which had a strikingly similar, massively ornamented frill and one big horn jutting out of the end of its snout. Complicating matters further is the fact that most Monoclonius specimens appear to be of juveniles or sub-adults, which has made it more difficult to compare these two horned, frilled dinosaurs on a conclusive adult-to-adult basis. One common misconception about Monoclonius is that it was named after the single horn on its snout (its name is often mistranslated from the Greek as single horn). In fact, the Greek root clonius means sprout, and Cope was referring to the structure of this ceratopsians teeth, not its skull. In the same paper in which he created the genus Monoclonius, Cope also erected Diclonius, about which we know next to nothing other than that it was a type of hadrosaur (duck-billed dinosaur) roughly contemporary with Monoclonius. (We wont even mention two other obscure ceratopsians that Cope named before Monoclonius, Agathaumas and Polyonax.) Although it is now considered to be a nomen dubiumthat is, a doubtful nameMonoclonius gained a lot of traction in the paleontology community in the decades after its discovery. Before Monoclonius was eventually synonymized with Centrosaurus, researchers managed to name no fewer than sixteen separate species, many of which have since been promoted to their own genera. For example, Monoclonius albertensis is now a species of Styracosaurus; M. montanensis is now a species of Brachyceratops; and M. belli is now a species of Chasmosaurus.

Systematic Change in Hand Hygiene at the Point of Care Research Paper

Systematic Change in Hand Hygiene at the Point of Care - Research Paper Example This can be achieved through staff education on hand hygiene protocol as set forth by Veterans Health Administration's Hand Hygiene Directive, which is based on the hand hygiene recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). This is an evidence-based project to determine the knowledge base of RNs, LPNs and NA prior to each Clinical Focus Session. The theory that hand washing with soap and water will prevent the spread of HAIs, especially Clostridium Difficile, which are frequently found in â€Å"hospitals, nursing homes, extended care facilities and nurseries for newborn infants† (Lee, 2011). Introduction: There is a controversy regarding the ability of water and soap as compared to alcohol hand rubs or â€Å"alcohol sanitizers† (Mayankj, 2010). While most people use soap and water to clean their hands, it is often felt that water alone cannot do the trick of destroying germs. Again, in places where water is scarce and not freely available, it is necessary to c lean hands using alcohol sanitisers. The main advantages of these are that they are convenient to carry, are more effective than soap and water, and do the job of destroying germs faster than conventional soap and water. Besides, these are known to have the potential to â€Å"act quickly to kill microorganisms on hands and.. do not promote antimicrobial resistance† (Alcohol-Based Handrubs: Easy as 1, 2, 3, 2010). Literature Review: Studies were conducted through a prospective multicenter study â€Å"to assess the dryness and irritation of the hands in health care facilities, and to evaluate whether that disinfection with an alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) is better tolerated than classic hand washing with mild soap and water. Our study was conducted in 9 sites in the summer and winter. A team of investigators evaluated dryness and irritation. This study takes into account most of the individual and environmental risk factors (age, sex, use of a protective agent, constitutional factors, personal factors, external factors, institution, function, and number of consecutive working days)† (Chamorey, et al, 2010). 1. According to the Veterans Health Administration’s hand hygiene directive, that is the VHA Directive 2005/2 on hand hygiene practices, it is necessary to † Use an alcohol-based hand rub or antimicrobial soap to routinely decontaminate their hands before and after having direct contact with a patient.† This is in order to avoid the chances of catching infection through patients. The VHA has also recommended that portable hand rubs be readily available for use. (VHA Hand Hygiene Information and Tools, 2009). 2. The WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care provide health-care workers (HCWs), hospital administrators and health authorities with a thorough review of evidence on hand hygiene in health care and also endorse specific recommendations to improve practices and reduce transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to pa tients and HCWs. The present guidelines are intended to be implemented in any situation in which health-care is delivered either to a patient or to a specific

Entrepreneurship, innovation, economic development, and sustainability Essay

Entrepreneurship, innovation, economic development, and sustainability - Essay Example Burj-Al-Arab, and Burj Khalifa that even supersedes the hotel. By the end of 2008, the world in general and the UAE in particular were hit by the global financial crisis. As a result of the economic downturn, entrepreneurs rapidly started drawing their money out of the UAE, particularly Dubai. This further aggravated the condition and increased the economic challenges for the UAE. The sale of innovative products in the present age amounts to 33 per cent of the total sales of a company (Cooper, 2001, p. 4). While so many people talk about innovation, there are not many who understand what it means truly. For many people, anything that is new in some way is innovative. â€Å"[C]reativity is commonly defined through the recognition of produced and valued novelty† (Martin, 2009). Innovation is in many cases, a reinvention of old things by combining their features in a unique way. Basically, innovation happens from ideas that are unique. The idea of one individual might never have been experienced by another and thus when it is incorporated into a new product, it becomes innovative (Boden, 2004, p. 13). Many studies aimed at identifying common personality traits in creative people have successfully identified some (Amabile, 1996, p. 5). Irrespective of what qualifies as innovation, a factor whose importance cannot be overemphasized for the economic development as well as sustainability is the usefulness of the product for the society at large. â€Å"Attempts must be made to address the potential unintended and unforeseen consequences of the technology, as well as its potential benefits, if it is to be successfully applied† (Hall and Martin, 2005). â€Å"†¦creation is a continuous process... This essay present a thorough theoretical analysis of the impacts that economic categorical concepts of entrepreneurship, innovation, development and sustainability have on each other. These concepts are all strongly interrelated The sale of innovative products in the present age amounts to 33 per cent of the total sales of a company. Creativity is commonly defined through the recognition of produced and valued novelty Innovation is in many cases, a reinvention of old things by combining their features in a unique way. Basically, innovation happens from ideas that are unique. The idea of one individual might never have been experienced by another and thus when it is incorporated into a new product, it becomes innovative. Many business entrepreneurs think of sustainability and the need to adopt environment friendly business practices as a burden whereas in reality environmental-friendliness not only cuts down the costs of business but also increases its profitability, which is what makes sustainability integrally related to both entrepreneurship and innovation. Sustainability is quite as strongly linked with economic development and the logic behind it is quite understandable and simple; the lesser the costs and the higher the profits in business, the greater the contribution of the entrepreneurs in the gross domestic product of the country, and the more the economic development consequentially. Sustainability saves the country’s resources that can be utilized in better ways to yield more money.

The marketing mix promotions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The marketing mix promotions - Essay Example (Lucas) One way to cope with situation is to constantly innovate and innovate fast with balanced business strategy with right mix of buyers both giant retailers to the small corner shops. (Byrnes, Berner and Zellner). Simply, if we take an example of detergents, they were largely promoted and viewed as commodities used for the cleaning purposes however the new paradigm shifts in the industry forced giants like P&G to look for more innovative ways of promoting largely popular brands like Tide. The new demands from the consumers, P&G through innovative promotional activities remodeled the same and Tide was projected something which provides an opportunity to be a good mother or good father or good wife. I believe the idea of enhancing and brushing up the bond between the commodity and its immediate users is not the case as Revlon since long has been promoting that they are selling hope rather than cosmetics therefore the idea that the bond between the end user of the goods and the bran d itself is not new. I therefore, believe that the positioning your brand as a proponent of generating the rarefied position of the brand to the level where it become almost a generic product with emotional attachment of users. Having defined the position that the Through Tide, P&G is rather selling an opportunity to be a good wife, good mother or father, I believe that this further necessitate a different approach towards the promotional activities which P&G use to employ in the past. Since Internet is now taking over the place of traditional advertisement channels therefore a more focused approach is required to direct promotional activities to the internet. As the presupposition that the brands must speak to the consumers eye to eye rather than just focusing on what product can do for you therefore promotional activities for media should be focusing more on building up rapport between the consumers and products

Little thing Essay Example for Free

Little thing Essay Of the five poems I have selected beforehand, I happen to choose the poem â€Å"The Pebble†. It took me awhile to choose which poem to talk about but somehow, I keep coming back in reading this poem. I favour this poem compared to the other four because of the simplicity it implies. It starts off with the title which gives out a plain imagery of the thing that will be talked about. The poem struck me in the way that it talked about a very little thing. A thing that is often taken for granted. Nobody would actually pay much attention to a pebble. Usually, the pebble is just an add-on to an aquarium or a little thing to beautify a garden. Even so, be it in an aquarium or a garden, the object of concentration is not the pebble. But in this poem, the pebble holds the main attraction. My attention was taken away by the description given to a pebble. And as to how the poem unfolds, the comparison and contrast of a pebble and that to a person was stated plainly, but not directly though. Often times we think of a use for a certain thing and eventually we talk about it or write about it. In any case, we share that what is important. So, in the case of this poem, a pebble never seemed to be something important. Most of the time, people don’t seem to bother about anything regarding a pebble. A poem expresses the emotions of a writer and usually in the state of turmoil. What is captivating about this poem is that there isn’t much of a turmoil expressed in words for this. It describes what a pebble is, how a pebble could be and compared it as to how a person could feel. I feel a certain depth in this poem, though I doubt if I could eventually express that depth. I somehow could feel that this poem has something more than what it is giving. The problem is just that I’m still trying to measure up the feeling conveyed by this poem. Somehow, I have a strange idea of being able to fathom what the poem holds, but because of its vividness, I’m having a hard time grasping the concept it implies. Such ironic feelings are extracted from my mind but I’m trying though to put it into words. The poem has an intrinsic impact on me. I don’t have much of an idea of the author but as I read the poem over and over again, and internalize it somehow, I gain knowledge to the truth it may imply. With how I describe it, the poem may seem to be a prayer, but actually, it’s not. It’s not everyday that we read a poem which is presented so simply. I just have a feeling that the writer wrote this according to how he perceives the truth of the pebble. A pebble which is a little stone that eventually could last longer than any other thing. Part four The Pebble is a very interesting poem. From the title itself, it projects a literary piece about simplicity. As we have seen pebbles and grasp a meaning of this thing, it is an object that is pretty much of little value. But this thing has been often times used as an instrument for symbolism. It doesn’t actually become the symbol, but yet, it is used as a contributor for the statement of the symbol. Like the ripples on the water, to make the ripples, the pebble is used as the object that is thrown to create the ripples. But in this situation, the impact was made by the pebble but the symbol was the ripple. Interpretation of the Poem At the start of the poem, the pebble is described as a perfect creature. It is here that we can see that the object has been given the traits as that of a person. Attributing the perfection that the writer is talking about for the pebble would be on its physical aspect. The physical description of pebbles which are often perfectly oval in shape with a smooth surface, having no cracks or lumps, would suit the description of excellence or perfection. In comparison to a person, a perfect creature would then be one without cracks or perhaps loopholes and one who doesn’t have any lumps. Perfection in our own view would be that of someone who doesn’t possess any frailties, errors and does all things without mistakes and stands as clean as ever. But as the writer proceeds with the poem, it mentioned that it could only be equalled to itself and is aware of its limits. A perfect thing that cannot be compared by anything except itself and has limits, were the descriptions emphasized by the poet. Still, this has been compared to that of a person. Perfection does not imply that the person has no limits. With this description then, we could imply that in perfection, it is being and doing something flawlessly but in the range of one’s limits. Often, when we talk about perfection, it is in comparison already to supreme beings or gods. But the poet has stated that what could be compared to one creature would not be anyone else, but only with it. Indeed, the concept of uniqueness has been unfolded. As the poem proceeds, it has been defined by the author that the meaning this object holds, is the meaning it holds from the time it has been made. â€Å"A pebbly meaning† would mean the identity that this object holds and whatever that is, that is the true meaning of the thing. Same goes if related again to a person, that the definition or meaning of who we are is the self. It is not somebody else that hold the meaning of our life, but it is our self, the one with us from the beginning, that defines what we are. Another idea of the â€Å"pebbly meaning† would be the concept of a pebble which is not of great significance but just possesses the simplicity that it is as an object. It is not a big rock that could smash something smaller or a stone which may be small but definitely holds weight. It is not a mountain that shows greatness just by looking at it. It is emphasizing a pebble, small, perhaps insignificant, and does not hold much weight. But as we ponder on the purpose as to why it exists, it holds more than what it is actually letting us see. The poem describes further that the pebble is one thing that doesn’t have a specific characteristic that would be intimidating and though it is unique and different, it stands with its uniqueness without any other factor that might entice anybody. As all other things or people would need more than what they have, like they would go for enhancing the appearance or develop any form of attractive facilities for others to see or witness, the pebble sticks with what it has. Despite the simplicity or plainness it holds, it still has its dignity and pride. It is contradicting to the idea that without pride is simplicity. Being simple does not mean that one does not hold any value of himself. It doesn’t also mean that there is no regard for the self. Instead, inside that simplicity, an aura of pride and dignity emanates. It’s just that people don’t get to see it because they are more aware of the obvious things. As the poem proceeds, the writer was somehow humbled down to the value of the pebble that in the changing world, struggling all the time for attention and importance, the pebble or anyone that could be related to a pebble, simply sits quietly and wait. In the end, all the others vanish, and it’s just the pebble that remains. Those who do not live such complicated lives could eventually see all that is happening and live longer than most of the people. Conclusion The poem is written as a realization in life. Often times people would prefer to have the symbol of a mountain, or something powerful and bigger. This is so because of how we see our life, we prefer to have the control especially when we are not in control in reality. We want to be in power when in reality we are weak and helpless. Our symbols tell what we really are and it’s has always been the opposite of what we are. In this poem, the concept of simplicity and the awakening of humility are emphasized. Simplicity is held in the object of the pebble. The object of no complications and the writer is in the point of using this imagery to a person’s life. The awakening of the humility is expressed in the last two stanzas of the poem where the writer has gone to see the impact of a pebble and how it absorbs everything there is without complaining. This is a contradiction to people where complaining has been made a hobby and dissatisfaction always a companion. Before going to the point of appreciating, people tend to complain, grumble and then when the worse has come, perhaps, mellow down and bear with the idea of appreciating something. The poet has created a very good concept of life. The poem written is also expressed the same way as that of the idea it intends to convey. Simplicity indeed is beauty and only few have seen it.

Free Essays - Character of Achilles in Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

Character of Achilles in Homer's Iliad The Iliad may be seen as an account of the circumstances that irrevocably alter the life of one man: Achilles, one of the greatest warriors. Throughout the course of the poem Achilles goes through many ordeals that change his character immensely. Starting with his quarrel with Agamemnon and withdrawal from battle, to the death of Patroklos, and with the slaying of Hektor.   Achilles emotions and actions decide the fate of many warriors on both sides. Achilles struggles with anger, honor, pride, loyalty and love make the poem more that just a gruesome war story.   A large source of Achilles anger started with his fight with Agamemnon. Apollo put a plague on the Achaean soldiers that was killing them off. The only way to stop this from killing them all was to give back a priest’s daughter who had been captured. This girl â€Å"belonged† to Agamemnon and he didn’t want to give her up unless he got Achilles girl in return. This would disgrace Achilles honor but he could not let any more soldiers be killed so, he reluctantly let her go. But in return for giving up his girl he withdrew from the battle. Much of Achilles anger is a result of this occasion but the death of Patroklos later overrode his previous anger to Agamemnon.   The death of Patroklos touched Achilles in many ways that changed and shaped his character. Many emotions were a result of his death such as love, loss, anger, and sadness. Patroklos was a dear friend to Achilles and when a mix of divine intervention and Hektor cut Patroklos down grief and the desire to avenge his dear friends death consumed Achilles. This switched his anger from King Agamemnon to Hektor, the man who slew his dear friend. This anger drew Achilles to avenge the death of his friend, to kill Hektor.    The slaughter of Hektor is gruesome and horrid. Not only did Achilles kill Hektor but, he hung him by his ankles, attached him to his chariot and dragged Hector around the burial site of Patroklos. This is horrible enough but Achilles for a while refused to give Priam, father of Hektor and King of Troy, back the body of Hektor for proper burial. He was going to let it be eaten by the dogs, though the gods protected his body from this.

The US Capitol Building Essay -- United States Capitol American Histor

The US Capitol Building Our nation's revolution was a great achievement in U.S History. With the dawn of a new nation, there would have to be a central location to make the new decisions of our country. Our capitol has stood as the heart of our country since the late 1700s. The United States capitol is among the most architecturally impressive and symbolically important buildings in the world. For almost two centuries it has housed the meeting chambers of the senate and the House of Representatives. Begun in 1793, the capitol building has been built, burnt, rebuilt, extended, and restored. Today our capitol stands as a monument to the American people and their government. (AOC.gov) "Where to put a nation's capitol?" was the exact question that irritated George Washington and a man by the name of Pierre L'Enfant, city planner and engineer. "The District of Columbia is a perfect site; its in the middle of the 14 states, halfway between Massachusetts and Georgia," exclaimed Washington. Being near to the ocean so that many people can get to it easily. In 1790, Congress passed the "Residence Act," which provides that the federal government will be located in a permanent site on the Potomac River by 1800. Pierre Charles L'Enfant develops plan for capital city; he and President Washington select site for "Congress House" on Jenkins Heights. With a location chosen the only task now is to design the capitol building. (Prolman, 5) "Five hundred dollars will be the reward for the architect who sets forth the plans for our nations new capitol building." Thomas Jefferson stated. He was also included in the long list of contestants who submitted thier construction designs. Three months after the contest ended, a man by the name of Dr .William Thorton submitted his designs of the capital. (Prolman, 5) His design was a Neo-classical plan that followed the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome. He drew a building that consists of two wings that extended north and south of a centural section. A huge cast-iron dome rests on the central section of the building.(World, 196) President Washington was very pleased with Dr. Thorton's plans and he was awarded first prize. Now it was time for Washington to lay the cornerstone on September 18, 1793.(National Park) Construction was a very labor intensive and time-consuming process. The sandstone... ...at about 10 million people come to visit this monument every year. Tours every thirty minutes of the capitol building are open from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. everyday. For recorded information regarding tours of the Capitol, call 202-225-6827. (AOC.gov) Since the building of Congress was built it has been through many stages. Being the meeting house for the bodies that govern our land of the free since 1793. The United States Capitol is one of the greatest structures in the world also serving as a symbol to the people of our nation. It will forever be the heart of our nation.(New Book, 420) Bibliography Aikman, Lowell. "US. Captol, Citidel of Democracy" The National Geographic; August, 1952:147-162 AOC.Gov- The United States Capitol, http://www.aoc.gov National Park Science- US Capritol Building, Wed. May 17, 2000. http://www.cr.nps.govNR/travel/wash/dc76.htm New Book of Knowledge, The. "Capitol,US" Deluxe Library Edition, copyright 1999, vol. 3Cp. 420 Prolman, Marilyn. The Story of the Capitol. copyright 1969, p. 5-9 World Book Encyclopedia, "Capitol, US" Vol. 3, Ch. C, Copyright 1996, p. 196

Natural Law Theory

According to Jenkins, â€Å"The natural law theory begins with theories about the nature and purpose of the world and moves on to ask about the purpose of every action or object. The right thing to do is that which fulfils the natural purpose. † Natural law was developed by Thomas Aquinas, in which he believed that there is such a thing as natural moral law. Natural law ethics depends on the belief that the world was designed by a creator, God. It teaches everything God made has a purpose, including every aspect of human life, and everything should work towards the purpose assigned to it.If we fulfil this purpose we do ‘good’, for example it is good to preserve life (â€Å"Do not kill†). If we frustrate the purpose for which something has been created then it is morally ‘wrong’, to destroy life is against the will of good. In addition, human sexuality was designed for the reproduction of the species. Any action which helps towards the fulfilmen t of this purpose is good; anything which hinders this fulfilment is bad. Aquinas believed there were four primary precepts, â€Å"God’s aims for humans†, which we are to follow to live according to natural law.These are to reproduce, learn and develop potential, live harmoniously in society and worship god. These precepts are moral absolutes and under no circumstances can be broken. Natural law is therefore a deontological theory. According to Aquinas natural law was the, â€Å"moral code which human beings are naturally inclined towards. † There are also the secondary precepts to take into account, which are the rules and regulations which help us achieve these aims. These are actually man made laws which are based on God’s principles.Natural law is a fusion of the secular philosophy of Aristotle (who claimed that everything had a purpose and therefore the fulfilment of these purposes was good, e. g. a good knife cuts well) and the religious tradition o f the church by Aquinas. Natural law was to be a supplement of the laws given in the scriptures and draws much inspiration from the bible. Paul in Romans 1-3 argues that the moral law of God is evident from the nature of humans and the world, â€Å"Ever since the creation of the world, his invisible nature, has been clearly perceived in the things that have been made. (Romans 1:20) In Matthew 19:3-9, Jesus observes that natural law should make it clear that divorce is wrong, â€Å"For your hardness of heart Moses allowed you to divorce your wife, but from the beginning it was not so. † Marriage was designed for the building up of the married couple by each other and for birth and secure upbringing of children; divorce goes against God’s aim. Peter Mullen, Working with Morality, states, â€Å"Reason and the regularities of the natural world should be your guide. † Though are ability to reason we can get a sense of right and wrong.We can think freely for ourselve s and discover God’s intention and follow natural law. In other words we must use our reasoning powers in order to work out what is moral. This helps us deal with ethical issues which are not dealt with in the scripture e. g. euthanasia. In his book, Summa Theologiae, Aquinas maintained that we have four cardinal virtues (‘cardo’ meaning ‘a hinge’) on which are morality hinges and these four things inform as reason as well as the Decalogue. It has also maintained that we have seven capital vices. The cardinal virtues are prudence, justice, fortitude and self control.Pursing what is morally right will help us to develop these virtues and vice versa. The seven sins of morality are just the vices of pride, avarice, lust, envy, gluttony, anger and sloth. Aquinas maintains that these, in contrast with the four virtues are totally opposed to achieving the goals set out for humans in natural law. These natural virtues are expanded by the revealed virtues of faith, hope and charity derived from St Paul in Corinthians and â€Å"Aquinas held that the greater the extent to which these are developed by the individual, the greater the obedience will be to natural law. (Vardy and Grosch) When people sin according to Aquinas, it is because they are pursuing what they think is good. Human nature is generally good and therefore if we do wrong it is because we are in pursuit of an apparent good, e. g. abortion, can seem like at a good thing at times. According to Vardy and Grosch, â€Å"Humans seek apparent good, but this is not true good; only apparent good because it does not conform to the perfection of human nature which all humans share. † A historical example would be that of Hitler and Stalin, who did not seek out evil but sought what they thought, was right.The theory of natural law states that you are only responsible for the immediate consequences of your actions – not for the secondary or unintended effects of your acti on. This adds flexibility to the theory of natural law in such areas as just war and etopic pregnancy. According to Thompson, â€Å"Natural law is based on nature as seen by human reason enlightened by Christian faith. In the light of Jesus’ teaching and belief in God, reason can decide, by looking at nature, what is right. † Natural law however has some faults. It depends on the belief that the world was designed by a creator.Aquinas assumes that all men must seek to worship God, atheists not taken into consideration. According to Thompson, â€Å"†¦ if someone does not believe in God, then the natural law theory loses its foundation. † The theory also suggests that reproduction is one of God’s natural purposes of creating humankind, not considering those who are biologically incapable of having children. Thirdly, naturalistic fallacy, there is a problem with the assumption that just because something is a matter of fact in nature does not mean it ou ght to be obeyed by everyone. Hume argued that what is the case and what ought to be the case are different ideas.According to Jenkins, â€Å"sex does produce babies by this does not necessarily mean that people ought to have sex only for this purpose. † In some situations it may be necessary to against natural law to achieve a better end result, natural law is too flexible. According to Peter Mullen, â€Å"it may be necessary, for example to torture an innocent person to save the lives of thousands. † Finally, how do we define what is natural and what isn’t, there are some basic ideals but these are too vague to apply to specific situations. For example should we try to prolong the life of someone who is ill, for death is the ‘natural’ result?Natural law also puts too much emphasis on human reason. Human reason can be corrupted by sin, e. g. holocaust. However there are strengths of the natural law theory. First of all, it is a universal guide. It provides humanity with a set of common moral principles and can be sued if you are religious or not (Aristotle). Secondly it is a simple, straightforward set of rules – we look at the evidence of the natural world and apply our reason to consider if something is right or wrong. And thirdly, the principles of natural law can be applied to solve pecific moral problems – casuistry. In conclusion, â€Å"The natural law is written and engraved in the soul of each and every man; because it is human reason ordaining him to do good and forbidding him to do sin. † (Pope Leo XIII) It is claimed that everyone holds certain fundamental rights simply by virtue of being human. Some argue that rights are a modern western invention, rights are something â€Å"constructed† by a historical culture, seeking self justification for its own purpose to expand the notions and even to impose them on other cultures regardless of their traditional ways.The words ‘human rights ’ have come to mean the political norms and prescriptions that are found in international human rights documents such as the European Convention of Human Rights(1950) or the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights(1948). They deal with the way in which people should be treated by their government and its institutions. This paper proposes to develop the argument that making human rights universal is problematic, this will be done by firstly looking at the historical development of the concept of human rights, secondly the approaches taken towards questioning the validity or justification of the doctrine.Finally, to explore cultural, religious as well as gender differences which interact making human rights difficult if not problematic to universally enforce. Historical Origins and development and creation of the theory and practice The roots of human rights doctrine can be traced back to the times of Aristotle and Stoics. In his ‘Nicomachean Ethics’ Aristotle c reates the basis for the existence of a natural moral order. This would provide a potentially universal criterion for evaluating the authority of man made legal systems.Aristotle distinguishes natural justice and legal justice, â€Å"Natural justice is that which has same value everywhere and does not depend on acceptance† But the concept of rights akin to that of the contemporary idea of human rights most clearly emerges during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe and the so called doctrine of natural law. The doctrine of Natural Law held belief in the existence of a natural moral code based upon the identification of certain fundamental and objectively identifiable human goods. John Locke argued that individuals possess natural rights, ndependently of political recognition given to them by the state. He posits the idea that people held such rights independently of and prior to the formation of any political community, natural law thus is to perceive Gods will which truly gave an authentic moral code. Locke provided the precedent of establishing legitimate political authority upon a rights foundation. Compassionate to the works of the Ancient Greeks and earlier philosophers such as Pufendorf, 18TH century German Philosopher Immanuel Kant, who held that, moral reasoning relied upon the condition that all rational individuals are bound to assent.His notion of the ‘categorical imperative’, doing the right thing is not determined by acting in pursuit of ones own interest or desires but acting in agreement with the maxim which all rational individuals are to accept. â€Å"So the act the maxim of which your will can at the same time be universal law† The philosophical ideals defended by Kant and Locke come to be associated with general enlightenment project during the 17th and 18th centuries. Ideals such as human dignity and equality enshrined in the US Declaration of independence and the French National Assembly’s De claration of Man.Similarly continued through the 19th century in various political movements to extend the political suffrage to those that were denied political and civil rights. The full declaration of the doctrine of human rights occurred in the 20th century in response to the atrocities epitomized by the holocaust. The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, enshrining fundamental human rights was adopted by the General Assembly on the 10th of December 1948. One should note that the modern doctrine of human rights is not a mere expression of the natural rights concept; rather it goes beyond it in some respects.James Nickel promotes three ways in which contemporary concept of human rights differs from and goes beyond that of natural rights. Firstly, modern human rights are more interested in viewing equality as requiring positive action by the state for instance providing welfare assistance. Whereas natural rights promoters were apt to view equality in more formalistic terms, essentially requiring the state to refrain from â€Å"interfering† in individuals lives.Secondly, where promoters of natural rights tended to conceive of human beings as mere individuals, advocates of contemporary human rights are far keener to accept the importance of family and community in individual lives. And thirdly, Nickel views modern human rights as more ‘internationalist’ in content and orientation than was typically found within arguments in support of natural rights. One can clearly understand the final assertion, since today human rights are increasingly seen as requiring international action and concern.For the benefit of the discourse, drawing this distinction between natural rights and modern human rights allows one to distinguish the development of the concept of human rights. It will also be beneficial to see the different approaches’ to human rights a well as the categories of human rights. Such discussion of the nature of human rights will demonstrate whether in Raschs view human rights cannot be justified as a universalising project. Concepts of Human Rights There are two categories that are fundamental to understand basis and potential for the application of human rights.Legal rights: these are the rights found in existing legal codes, thus benefit from the recognition and protection of the law. Disputes as to its existence can be resolved by referring to the relevant legal instrument, a legal right cannot exist prior to its passing into law, the limits of which its validity are set by the jurisdiction of the body which passes relevant legislation. Moral rights are not rights in the strict sense, better to see them as moral claims which have the potential to be incorporated into national and international law.For a legal positivist like Jeremy Bentham, there can be no such thing as human rights existing prior to or independently from legal codification. In contrast, Moral rights can exist independently from the ir legal foil. It has been argued that the black majority in Apartheid South Africa possessed a moral right to full political participation in that countries’ political system although no such legal right existed. When rights exist at international level, we speak of them as human rights, but when they are enacted at national level we see them as civil or constitutional right.To develop this even further, one can question the validity of human rights. Firstly, the interests theory approach, which holds that the principle function of human rights is to protect and promote certain key human interests. John Finnis contends, human rights are justifiable on the grounds of their instrumental value for securing the necessary conditions of human well being. The Choice or Will theory, on the other hand aims to establish philosophical validity of human rights upon a single human attribute; the capacity for freedom.Proponents of this theory argue that rights are a manifestation of the e xercise of personal autonomy, the distinctive feature of human agency which should be the core concern of rights. Human rights and Universality In identifying the historical roots of human rights and some basic general conceptual and justificatory approaches’ to the topic, the question whether human rights are â€Å"universal† is to ask whether there are good reasons for believing that the norms and prescriptions contained in the international documents symbolising apply to and obligate all human beings equally, regardless of their cultural, social or geographical location.The argument posed by Rasch is that human rights possess personal character which means in spirit that they cannot intrinsically adhere to the cultural, religious and social differences. This contention will be the basis of the remaining space of this essay. Rasch holds, that both Rawls, Habermas who were inspired by the Kantian project of discerning the rational ordering of human society is the proj ect of a â€Å"universalist ideology† that is homogenous and self justificatory.In other words he is arguing that the natural laws which initially held basic rights of individuals is â€Å"Christianized†. Such is the essence of human rights that truly they cannot be all inclusive and ever embracing. Rasch’s assertion must be examined closely, paying particular attention to the issue about the norms and values inherent in ‘western’ human rights are not the basis for human rights in all corners of the plane Rawls claimed that human rights â€Å"specify limits to a regimes internal autonomy† and that †¦their fulfillment is sufficient to exclude justified and forceful interventions by diplomatic and economic sanctions or in grave cases of military force†. Indeed, it is a generalization to suggest there is a line defined by human rights where national sovereignty ends. The reason being, â€Å"fulfillment† of human rights is a ver y unclear idea, because no country fully satisfies human rights, all countries have human rights problems, some large many â€Å"gross† violations. One of the most significant challenges to contemporary human rights is the presumed objective basis of the doctrine as moral rights.On this view moral principles are inherently subjective in character in that they express individuals’ incomplete preferences Protagoras claimed that â€Å"†¦no persons opinions can be said to be more correct than another’s, because each is the sole judge of his or her experiences†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In modern times, such arguments have been defended by the likes of Richard Rorty, who argues that human rights are based on sentimental vision of humanity, that human rights are not rationally defensible and fundamentally are emanated by sympathetic identification with others as opposed to reason.Kant differentiated between modes of expressions into objective and subjective propositions. He asserted that if an individual’s analysis is not accepted universally then it remains the moral position of the individual, thus a distinction between law and morality. In other words, one cannot assert their moral views and principles on others and expect them to be accepted. Knowledge acquired essentially should be objective in form.But subjective acquisition of knowledge as Kant saw, through individual reasoning or ‘moral law’ of the individual, acceptance of it will raise the individuals knowledge, thus knowledge is a steady cultural effort, In contrast, Michael Foucault argued that acquisition of knowledge should be subjective , he held that â€Å"truth† is the instrument of power’ which should be used to strengthen knowledge.Human rights are related to moral convictions; moral convictions are determined by underlying cultural commitments; underlying commitments differ fundamentally from one culture to another; therefore, the interpretation of human rights must vary fundamentally across cultures. Cultural Relativism is the most fashionable attempts to challenge the universality of human rights. One may suspect that Muslim and Asian critics of human rights suppose that their own views are in fact superior to Western ideas, and that everyone would be better off if their views came to prevail universally. Because ultures differ, and because human rights must vary accordingly, no one culture can go around trying to impose its view of human rights on others. Islam’s characterization of human rights is based on its followers holding true to the word of the religion. A Muslim sees rights much in the same was as a Hindu, a series of duties to the creator, in order to attain the higher freedom of enlightenment at death. The publication of ‘Satanic Verses’ by Salman Rushdie which offended Muslims worldwide, highlights how the western concept of human rights, to free speech can be incompatible with Sharia law.It is undeniable that the international community derives its values from a liberal consensus that is in essence a secularized Christian ethic. The traditionalist Muslims have not been the only critics of the western standard of human rights, until very recently the Catholic Church has been a strong opposition to what it saw as a conquest over the values of Christian community. The hearts of monotheistic religions are in conflict with the basis of human rights.Human rights doctrine is ‘humancentric’ essentially based on the responsibility and autonomy of the individual, the doctrine takes its premise in the authority of the state i. e. secularism and as its primary aim, to prevent abuse of power by the state over the individual. While monotheistic religions emphasis the will of god through the community. A study of prominent religion and development journals revealed that â€Å"religion and spirituality’’ are under represented in â€Å"†¦development li terature and in the policies and programmes’ of development organizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢The unique case of Re A (Conjoined Twins: Surgical separation), where doctors wished to separate Siamese twins otherwise both would have died, the parents opposed the operation on religious grounds, though the hospital and courts were choosing the â€Å"lesser of two evils† in that if the operation was not carried out the twins would die but if the operation went ahead one would live, the operation was allowed. Such a judgment is clearly confrontational with the religious duty of individuals.Furthermore, cultural imperialisms impact on human rights; Cultures are compelled to accept apparent universal standards because they are pressured to do so by more powerful cultures. Donnelly, contends that the American human rights regime can be explained by the power that lies within it, He believes that the dominant power of united states, in exercising its supreme power ensures support and creation of its interests. Essentially, human rights’ as an objective project is in reality established on subjective norms.The global institutions developed, in the hope to exercise their view of human rights through creation of instruments in the form of universal declarations or agreements, to which all cultures agree to, comply. The preamble to the United Nations Charter, demonstrates the clear declaration of universal intention by all member states to agree to a universal set of standards and norms. Who were behind the utopian ideal? The creation of United Nations was a result of recommendations by United Kingdom and the United States, the new ‘cultural imperialists’. We the United States recognise and accept our deep involvement in the destiny of men everywhere† Such was the sentiment expressed by President Eisenhower. During the creation of the UN and even today the membership is still increasingly western with a low presence of Asian, African or Ara b membership. USA evidently believed it was responsible for peace, security and human rights over other cultures, naturally ensuring that their values and norms become universal and dominant.In addition, the delegation for Saudi Arabia to the committee drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1947, expressed that the committee â€Å"†¦for the most part taken into consideration only standards recognised by western civilisation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The delegation contended that the committee was not to â€Å" proclaim the superiority of one civilization over all others or to establish uniform standards for all the countries in the world†Rawls argued that human rights are â€Å"international and universal† in that they apply to all individuals everywhere, however, such sentimental objections outlined are commonly expressed by not only Middle Eastern states but also Asian countries like China, the reason for this is that â€Å"Asian Values† place the goo d of the community over those of the individual, one can deduct that there isn’t universal consensus on the subject of human rights. Western values inherent in international human rights documents such as the UDHR are in what one can term cultural conflict as there is a clash of difference in values and norms.What can also be deduced from the lack of consensus, is that rights are ‘culture specific’, Human rights appear in the context of particular social, economic, cultural and political conditions. This is unquestionably true, since what circumstances brought about human rights in the west cannot be said to exist elsewhere. China has echoed such attitude in a 1991 white paper â€Å"†¦owing to tremendous differences in historical background, social system, cultural tradition and economic development, countries differ in their understanding and practice of human rights†¦Ã¢â‚¬ The dominance of western thought or ideological heritage in eastern or differ ent legal jurisdictions will not necessarily be accepted; rather what should happen is that human rights should â€Å"be considered in the context of a dynamic and evolving process of international norm-setting, bearing in mind the significance of national and regional peculiarities and various historical, cultural, and religious backgrounds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In line with the last mentioned point, the issue of political sovereignty is worth noting.A state has national sovereignty to determine matters of human rights locally, rather than relying on international agencies to externally determine national affairs. The issue of human rights falls by and large within the sovereignty of each state. In 1995, the Chinese government confirmed its opposition to â€Å"some countries' hegemonic acts of using a double standard for the human rights of other countries . . . and imposing their own pattern on others, or interfering in the internal affairs of other countries by using `human rights' as a pretext. The West's attempt to apply universal standards of human rights to developing countries is disguised cultural imperialism and an attempt to obstruct their development. It can be emphasized that human rights are harms which the law commits and heals through human rights. They are concerned with the terrible rather than with achieving the best. Their aim is achieving minimally good lives for all people, or so it is claimed. For instance, Article 3 Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person’. As outlined earlier in the discourse, legal rights are in essence human rights as their basic action is to extend theoretical recognition and respect to all. But, New rights creating new ways of being in common with others else where open the boundaries of community. Karl Marx insisted that political community both upholds and denies universality of rights since rights support and are supported in turn by the inequalities of economy and culture.Economic exploitation of the urban poor through unemployment, low paid wages, poor health of developing countries through unequal trade and rising debt undermines and ultimately destroys the prospect of self determination when daily survival is the order of the day; all aspirations for social improvement or cultural expression are quenched. Thomas Pogge argues that basic human rights ambit of â€Å"securing life, liberty and security† has not been fulfilled That world poverty is an ongoing harm we inflict seems completely incredible to most citizens of the affluent countries. We call it tragic that the basic human rights of so many remain unfulfilled†¦Ã¢â‚¬  If it is accepted, that affluent nations such as USA, France and the UK are the beneficiaries of advancing the universality of human rights and the doctrine is inherently favorable to them, then what Pogge argues is the ‘nexus between our global institutional order and the persistence o f severe poverty ‘, then the injustice of such an order can also be accepted.It cannot be denied that the values of the consumer society cannot be applied to societies that have nothing to consume, since talking about universal rights is rather like saying that the rich and the poor both have the same right to fly first class and to sleep under bridges. What is justified in Britain in terms of legal rights cannot totally be the same in Malaysia. Clearly, there is a distinction of what law is and what is morally correct from the view of collective individuals, community and ultimately a nation.Rights promoting the equality of sexes are a contentious point The Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was adopted by UN General Assembly in 1979, it codified women’s right to equality in all spheres of life as a global norm. Article 2(f) of the convention imposes positive obligation on member states to modify or abolish â€Å"custom s and practices† which discriminate against women. Cultural differences have practical implications. Whether women’s human rights can be universal is at a moot point, since some cultures are seen as patriarchal like Islam and Buddhism.But a controversial but pertinent example of an approach that seeks to strengthen cultural integrity and individual freedom is India’s Muslim Women (Protection of Rights Upon Divorce) Act. This legislation was enacted after the case of Shah Banu, the Supreme Court of India upheld the right of a divorced Muslim woman to alimony, prompting outrage from Muslim traditionalists who claimed this violated their religious beliefs that divorced women were only entitled to the return of the bride price paid upon marriage.The Indian parliament then passed a law to override the court's judgment, under which Muslim women married under Muslim law would be obliged to accept the return of the bride price as the only payment of alimony. F. Raday cla ims that the most widespread inequality women face is the treating of women as housewives or mothers and not being able to integrate fully in the public domain. Equality, despite assertions of Declarations and Constitutions that ‘women are like men’ and that ‘women are different from men’ is a political construct, as Hegel and Marx argued which is expressed through the legal.The law as Hegel argued is ill equipped to accommodate difference human rights claims therefore involve an inconsistent dialectic between an impossible demand for universal equality that is identifiable with the western man. From the above discussion, it has been expounded that human rights cannot be absolutely universal to accommodate societal differences. What is universally different lies in the cultural as well as religious and gender dissimilarities that is the backbone to incomplete consensus on the subject of human rights.Common Western cultural roots are the basis of internation al treaties establishing so called universal human rights, leading non western cultures to conform to prejudiced norms. The knowledge promulgated in the doctrine is inherently subjective in character embodying the dominant cultural preferences. In reply to William Rasch, human rights cannot totally be justified as they are not completely and entirely impartial so as to accommodate cultural disparity.To paraphrase Oona Hathaway International public opinion have often been lured â€Å"that (in the words of Columbia Law professor Louis Henkin) ‘almost all nation observe almost all principles of international law and almost all of their obligations almost all of the times’†. This assertion can definitely be regarded as false when it comes to Human Rights. Examples can be found involving â€Å"almost† all the countries â€Å"almost† all of the times. It took America nearly forty years to ratify, with qualifying conditions the 1948 Genocide Convention.Fra nce has never transcripted in its national law the UN Charter for the Rights of Children (which has never been ratified by the USA). Last but not least, most of the genocides that have been perpetrated since the end of World War II, have taken place in countries party to the already quoted 1948 Genocide Convention (Rwanda, Yugoslavia, Iraq, etc†¦). In fact, it seems impossible to imagine a way of enforcing Human Rights when one reckons that it is already impossible to enforce the principles of international law. Indeed, the respect of international agreements is completely left to the will of the nations parties to these agreements.The respect (or non-respect) of a signed treaty is a matter of sovereignty and no sanction can be envisaged but a military intervention violating this concept of sovereignty. This is also Carlos Santiago Nino’s stance: according to this author the most serious limitation of the strategy of enforcing Human Rights is â€Å"that the still curren t conception of sovereignty of states impose severe restrictions on the obligations that governments accept by their commitment and on the forms of intervention available to external organs for investigating and punishing Human Rights violations†.The conception of a potential international normative system has to clash with the ideal of self determination because there is no ‘global civil society’. Or in Chris Brown’s words â€Å"properly understood, ‘civil society’ requires an effective state, while ‘global civil society’ is characteristically seen as a substitute for such a political order. Furthermore, it may be doubted that the mind-set required to make a civil society work actually exists in the world today†.For that reason, the application of treaties in the different countries stayed a matter of self-determination and self-policing, leading, of course, to consequent opportunities of Human Rights breaches, and impeachi ng nearly all attempts in enforcing Human Rights.5754 wordsBibliography Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) European Convention of Human Rights (1950) The Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979) Re A (2002) Court of Appeal (Civil Division) [2000] 3 FCR 577 United Nations Press Release : MEMBERSHIP OF PRINCIPAL UNITED NATIONS ORGANS IN 2005 http://www. un. rg/News/Press/docs/2005/org1436. doc. htm Charter of The United Nations http://www. un. org/News/Press/docs/2005/org1436. doc. htm Secondary Sources Books Douzinas and A. Gearey, ‘Critical jurisprudence’ (Hart Publishing 2005) W. A. 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